Benjamin L. Hooks, dead at 85.
Civil rights leader Benjamin L. Hooks, who shrugged off
courtroom slurs as a young lawyer before earning a pioneering
judgeship and later reviving a flagging NAACP, died Thursday 15 April
in Memphis, TN. He was 85.

Across the country, political leaders and Hooks' peers in the civil
rights movement remembered his remarkably wide-ranging accomplishments
and said he'd want the fight for social justice to continue. State
Rep. Ulysses Jones, a member of the church where Hooks was pastor,
said Hooks died at his home following a long illness.

"Our national life is richer for the time Dr. Hooks spent on this
earth," President Barack Obama said in a statement. "And our union is
more perfect for the way he spent it: Giving a voice to the
voiceless."

Hooks took over as the NAACP's executive director at a time when the
organization's stature had diminished in 1977. Years removed from the
civil rights battles of the 1960s, the group was $1 million in debt
and its membership had shrunk to 200,000 members from nearly a
half-million a decade earlier.

"Black Americans are not defeated," he told Ebony magazine soon after
his induction. "The civil rights movement is not dead. If anyone
thinks that we are going to stop agitating, they had better think
again. If anyone thinks that we are going to stop litigating, they had
better close the courts. If anyone thinks that we are not going to
demonstrate and protest, they had better roll up the sidewalks."

By the time he left as executive director in 1992, the group had
rebounded, with membership growing by several hundred thousand. He
used community radiothons to raise awareness of local NAACP branches'
work and to boost membership.

"He came in at a time the NAACP was struggling and gave it a strong
foundation. He brought dignity and strong leadership to the
organization," Jones said.

Current NAACP President Benjamin Jealous recalled a speech Hooks gave
last year that was "as fiery as any he's given 50 years earlier,"
despite Hooks' diminished health at the time.

"Right up to the last, he conveyed ... the need for us to fight," Jealous said.

State Rep. John Deberry, a fellow minister and chairman of the
Tennessee Black Caucus, said Hooks' passing is a sobering reminder
that "we are losing an incredible generation of men and women who
changed the world."

"And I hope that all these young folks who accept their rights with
such a cavalier attitude, those who are disrespectful to their
seniors, those who go to these schools and misuse the opportunities
... realize that as these men and women move off the scene, that
somebody has to step up," Deberry said.

Hooks' inspiration to fight social injustice and bigotry stemmed from
his experience guarding Italian prisoners of war while serving
overseas in the Army during World War II. Foreign prisoners were
allowed to eat in "for whites only" restaurants while he was barred
from them.

When no law school in the South would admit him, he used the GI bill
to attend DePaul University in Chicago, where he earned a law degree
in 1948. He later opened his own law practice in his hometown of
Memphis, Tennessee.

"At that time you were insulted by law clerks, excluded from white bar
associations and when I was in court, I was lucky to be called 'Ben,'"
he once said in an interview with Jet magazine. "Usually it was just
'boy.'"

In 1965 he was appointed to a newly created seat on the Tennessee
Criminal Court, making him the first Black judge since Reconstruction
in a state trial court anywhere in the South.

President Richard Nixon nominated Hooks to the Federal Communications
Commission in 1972. He was its first Black commissioner, serving for
five years before resigning to lead the NAACP.

At the FCC, he addressed the lack of minority leadership in media and
persuaded the commission to propose a new rule requiring TV and radio
stations to be offered publicly before they could be sold. Minority
employment in broadcasting grew from 3 percent to 15 percent during
his tenure.

In the waning years of his leadership of the NAACP, Hooks pressed
then-President George H.W. Bush for action on a string of gasoline
bomb attacks in the South that killed a federal judge in Alabama and a
Black civil rights lawyer in Georgia in December 1989. The same month,
another bomb was intercepted at an NAACP office in Jacksonville, Fla.

"We believe that this latest incident is an effort to intimidate our
association, to strike fear in our hearts," Hooks said at the time.
"It will not succeed. We intend to go about our business, but we will
most certainly be taking precautions."

The man later convicted of the killings and other charges remains on
Alabama's death row.

Hooks later was chairman of the board of directors of the National
Civil Rights Museum in Memphis and helped create The Benjamin L. Hooks
Institute for Social Change at the University of Memphis.

He also created an initiative that gave more employment opportunities
to Blacks in Major League Baseball and launched a program in which
corporations supported development projects in Black communities.

President George W. Bush in 2007 presented Hooks with the Presidential
Medal of Freedom, one of the country's highest civilian honors.

"Dr. Hooks was a calm yet forceful voice for fairness, opportunity and
personal responsibility," Bush said in 2007. "He never tired or
faltered in demanding that our nation live up to its founding ideals
of liberty and equality."

In his last keynote speech to an NAACP national convention in 1992,
Hooks urged members who had found financial success to never forget
those less fortunate.

"Remember," he said, "that down in the valley where crime abounds and
dope proliferates ... where babies are having babies, our brothers and
sisters are crying to us, 'Is anyone listening? Does anyone care?'"